Acute radiating low back pain impact on routine and function of the brazilian population: a cross-sectional study / Impacto da lombociatalgia aguda na rotina e função da população brasileira: um estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Acute radiating low back pain is a frequently occurring clinical condition among the population, and it represents a significant portion of urgent care in public health services. Objective: Consider the clinical characteristics, demographics, as well as the intensity of the pain, discomfort, and dysfunction of patients who show a clinical diagnosis that is compatible with acute radicular pain, new or reoccurring after an asymptomatic period. Methods: Patients that display a clinical diagnosis that is compatible with acute sciatic nerve pain, with the beginning of it starting within three months, without previous history of a similar occurrence, were seen in an orthopedic health clinic from July 2020 to January 2021. Results: A total of 42 patients were seen with a compatible diagnosis, which represents 1.4% of all medical visits. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have considered the clinical and demographic characteristics of patients with acute radicular pain in the Brazilian population. This study has found a mean value on the disfunction index that is greater than what is suggested by the current literature. Conclusion: About 30% of individuals showed functional involvement that was considered crippling, which presented a stronger association with individuals with the presence of motor deficits, intensity of radiating pain, and professional inactivity. Level of Evidence IV, Cross-Sectional Study.

RESUMO A lombociatalgia aguda é uma condição clínica bastante frequente na população e representa uma porção expressiva dos atendimentos de urgência nos serviços de saúde pública. Objetivo: Avaliar as características clínicas e demográficas, bem como a intensidade da dor e da disfunção de pacientes com quadro clínico compatível com dor radicular aguda, inédita ou recorrente após período assintomático. Métodos: Consideraram-se pacientes com quadro clínico compatível com dor ciática aguda que tenha se iniciado em até três meses, sem história prévia de episódio semelhante e que foram atendidos em uma unidade de pronto atendimento ortopédico entre julho de 2020 e janeiro de 2021. Resultados: Foram atendidos 42 pacientes com quadro clínico compatível, representando 1,4% do total de atendimentos realizados no serviço. Não há relatos de estudos que buscaram avaliar as características clínicas e demográficas dos pacientes com dor radicular aguda na população brasileira. Neste estudo, contudo, encontrou-se um elevado valor médio no índice de disfunção em comparação com a literatura atual. Conclusão: Cerca de 30% dos indivíduos apresentaram acometimento funcional considerado incapacitante, sendo que a presença de déficits motores, a intensidade de dor irradiada e a inatividade trabalhista foram estatisticamente maiores nesse grupo em relação aos demais. Nível de Evidência IV, Estudo Transversal.

Regresión espontánea de la hernia discal lumbar de dos féminas / Spontaneous regression of the lumbar herniated disk in two women

Se describen los casos clínicos de dos féminas que habían padecido lumbociatalgias durante varios meses, por lo cual acudieron al Hospital Provincial Docente Dr. Joaquín Castillo Duany de Santiago de Cuba, donde se les diagnosticó hernia discal lumbar y recibieron seguimiento médico en la consulta de Neurocirugía por más de un año. Ante la negativa de ser intervenidas quirúrgicamente, se prescribieron esquemas terapéuticos convencionales y alternativos, así como fisioterapia. En ambas pacientes se evidenció regresión espontánea de la discopatía, lo que se confirmó mediante estudios evolutivos de resonancia magnética. Dicha correlación entre la mejoría clínica y la recuperación imagenológica del disco intervertebral no siempre sucede en la evolución de estos casos.

The case reports of two women that had suffered from lumbar sciatic pain during several months are described, reason why they went to Dr. Joaquín Castillo Duany Teaching Provincial Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, where they were diagnosed lumbar herniated disk and received medical follow up in the Neurosurgery Service for more than a year. Before the negative of being surgically intervened, conservative and alternative therapeutic outlines were prescribed, as well as physiotherapy. In both patients spontaneous regression of the lumbar herniated disk was evidenced, which was confirmed by means of evolutionary studies of magnetic resonance. This correlation between the clinical improvement and the imaging recovery of the intervertebral disk doesn't always happen in the clinical course of these cases.

Radiculopatía asociada a tumor intrarraquídeo extradural en adolescente / Adolescent radiculopathy associated with extradural intraspinal tumor

Resumen: Introducción: Los procesos expansivos intrarraquídeos suelen tener una evolución insidiosa que dificultan su diagnóstico precoz. Los tumores intrarraquídeos son clasificados de acuerdo con su localización en el conducto raquídeo: extradural e intradural, y éstos se clasifican en extramedular e intramedular. Al comienzo, pueden provocar cuadros de dolor poco específicos y, a veces, dolores de tipo radicular. El paciente podrá tener síntomas como: pérdida de fuerza, pérdida de equilibrio, pérdida de sensibilidad y disturbios esfinterianos. Las neoplasias intrarraquídeas, cuando son diagnosticadas, tienen indicación de tratamiento quirúrgico. Material y métodos: Se describe el caso clínico de adolescente masculino de 14 años, dolor en región lumbar desde hace cuatro años, de inicio insidioso, intermitente, progresivo, que se exacerba hace seis meses, con irradiación a extremidades inferiores, que se acompaña de parestesias y paresias progresivas de predominio en extremidad inferior derecha. Resultados: Se realiza laminotomía L4 y L5 bilateral, exploración y resección de tumoración y liberación de raíces nerviosas. Se obtiene tumor de características similares a tejido adiposo en donde se observa amplia red vascular en su interior, con tamaño aproximado de 14 × 10 × 4 mm de forma ovoide, aplanada con superficie lisa y brillante. Conclusión: Los tumores raquimedulares son tumores relativamente raros; sin embargo, de estos tumores, la localización intrarraquídea extradural corresponde a la mitad de los casos. En nuestro paciente, se integró el diagnóstico de lipoma del filum terminale, el cual corresponde a menos de 1% de todos los tumores de la columna vertebral.

Abstract: Introduction: Expansive intra-spinal processes usually have an insidious course that makes their early diagnosis difficult. Intra-spinal tumors are classified according to their location in the spinal canal: extradural and intradural, and these are classified as extramedullary and intramedullary. At the beginning, they can cause non-specific pain conditions and, sometimes, root-type pain. The patient may have symptoms such as: loss of strength, loss of balance, loss of sensation, sphincter disorders. Intra-spinal neoplasms, when diagnosed, have an indication for surgical treatment. Material and methods: The clinical case of a 14-year-old male adolescent is described, pain in the lumbar region for four years, of insidious onset, intermittent, progressive, exacerbated six months ago, with radiation to the lower extremities, which is accompanied by progressive paresthesia and paresis predominantly in the lower right limb. Results: Bilateral L4 and L5 laminotomy is performed, exploration and resection of the tumor and release of nerve roots. Tumor with characteristics similar to adipose tissue is obtained, where a wide vascular network is observed inside, with an approximate size of 14 × 10 × 4 mm, ovoid in shape, flattened with a smooth and shiny surface. Conclusion: Spinal tumors are relatively rare tumors, however, of these tumors, the extradural intraspinal location accounts for half of the cases. In our patient, the diagnosis of lipoma of the filum terminale was integrated, which corresponds to less than 1% of all tumors of the spine.

Determinación de los valores de referencia de las ondas F para miembros superiores e inferiores en adultos sanos de Bogotá, Colombia / Determination of F-wave reference values for upper and lower limbs in healthy adults in Bogota, Colombia

Introducción. El estudio de las ondas F evalúa la fisiología normal y anormal del sistema nervioso central y periférico. Sus valores de referencia utilizados actualmente se obtienen según la edad y estatura de poblaciones europeas y estadounidenses y no existe ningún estudio que analice sistemáticamente los valores normales en población colombiana. Objetivo. Analizar los parámetros de ondas F en adultos sanos asistentes a la IPS Rangel de Bogotá para crear una base de datos de valores de referencia que permita determinarycrear una guía de parámetros de normalidad de ondas F en población colombiana adulta sana. Métodos. Estudio observacional desarrollado entre enero de 2019 y diciembre de 2020 y realizado en 53 hombres y mujeres de entre 18 y 60 años asistentes a la IPS Rangel. Se registraron los valores de las ondas F de los nervios mediano, cubital, peroneo y tibial, bilateralmente, según parámetros de latencia mínima, latencia máxima, cronodispersión y persistencia. Los datos recolectados se registraron en una base de datos para su análisis. Resultados. En los miembros superiores se encontraron latencias medias mínimas de 22-26ms y en los inferiores, de 36-46ms. No se encontraron diferencias significativas según la lateralidad y el grupo etario. En el análisis de resultados porsexo se hallaron diferencias significativas entre las latencias mínimas y máximas. La talla se dividió en 3 categorías, encontrándose diferencias significativas entre las latencias distales mínimasy máximas. Conclusiones. El presente estudio determinó los valores de referencia clínicamente útiles para los parámetros de las ondas F en bogotanos sanos de 18 a 60 años de edad para los principales nervios motores, lo cual permite incrementar la calidad de detección de la neuropatía periférica proximal.

Introduction. The study of F waves evaluates the normal and abnormal physiology of the central and peripheral nervous system. Its currently used reference values are obtained according to age and height in European and American populations and there is no study that systematically analyzes the normal values in the Colombian population. Objective. To analyze the F-wave parameters in healthy adults attending the IPS Rangel in Bogotá in order to create a database of reference values to determine and create a guide of F-wave normality parameters in a healthy adult Colombian population. Methods. Observational study developed between January 2019 and December 2020 and conducted in 53 men and women aged 18 to 60 years attending the IPS Rangel. The values of F waves of the median, ulnar, peroneal and tibial nerves were recorded bilaterally, according to parameters of minimum latency, maximum latency, chronodispersion and persistence. The collected data were recorded in a database for analysis. Results. Minimum mean latencies of 22-26ms were found in the upper limbs and 36-46ms in the lower limbs. No significant differences were found according to laterality and age group. In the analysis of results by sex, significant differences were found between minimum and maximum latencies. The height was divided into 3 categories, and significant differences were found between the minimum and maximum distal latencies. Conclusions. The present study determined clinically useful reference values for F-wave parameters in healthy Bogotanos aged 18 to 60 years for the main motor nerves, which allows to increase the quality of detection of proximal peripheral neuropathy.

Sensitivity of Laségue Sign and Slump Test in Hernia and Disc Bulging Diagnoses Compared with Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Sensibilidade das manobras de Laségue e de slump nos diagnósticos de hérnia e abaulamento discal em comparação com ressonância magnética

Abstract Objective To show the accuracy of the most used maneuvers in the clinical diagnosis of lumbosciatalgia, the slump test and the Laségue sign. Methods In order to perform the present study, 101 patients with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) discopathy (gold standard) were selected and had their medical records reviewed to identify which had the positive maneuvers on the initial physical examination. Results The sensitivity found for the slump test and the Laségue sign in the diagnosis of disc herniation was 55.3% and 18.1%, respectively. Nonetheless, when they were compared with each other for the diagnosis of disc bulging, the sensitivity obtained was of 85.7% for the slump test and of 28.6% for the Laségue sign. Conclusion Comparing both clinical exams with MRI, it was found that the slump test presents superior sensitivity compared with the Laségue sign for both the diagnosis of hernia and disc bulging, and should be more present in clinical practice.

Resumo Objetivo Mostrar a acurácia das manobras mais usadas no diagnóstico clínico da lombociatalgia, a manobra de slump ea de Laségue. Métodos Para a realização do presente estudo, foram selecionados 101 pacientes com discopatia na ressonância magnética (RM) (padrão ouro), sendo posteriormente realizada a revisão dos prontuários para identificar quais tiveram as manobras positivas no exame físico inicial. Resultados A sensibilidade encontrada para as manobras de slump e Laségue no diagnóstico de hérnia discal foi respectivamente 55,3% e 18,1%. Já quando comparamos as manobras para o diagnóstico de abaulamento discal, a sensibilidade obtida foi de 85,7% para a manobra de slump e de 28,6% para a manobra de Laségue. Conclusão Foi constatado que a manobra de slump apresenta sensibilidade superior à da manobra de Laségue tanto para o diagnóstico de hérnia quanto para o de abaulamento discal quando comparadas a RM, e deveria estar mais presente na prática clínica.

Neurophysiological assessment of brachioradial pruritus patients / Avaliação neurofisiológica de pacientes com prurido braquiorradial

Abstract Background: Pruritus is a common complaint in dermatology. Wartenberg, in 1943, associated pruritus with neuropathy, relating it to the "posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve neuropathy". In 1968, Waisman described patients with frequent pruritus complaints in the upper limb during the summer, which he named "brachioradial summer pruritus". Currently, this pruritus is named brachioradial pruritus (BRP). BRP is characterized by a chronic pruritus, usually localized, with a long duration, and without apparent cutaneous abnormalities. Neurological disorders both from the central and peripheral nervous systems, including multiple sclerosis, are associated with pruritus. Objective: To investigate correlations between symptomatic dermatomes and alterations in the myotomes, as evidenced by electroneuromyography (ENMG). Methods: Forty-six patients with BRP dermatological diagnoses were subjected to upper limb ENMG. Results: Among 46 patients with C5 to C8 dermatomal pruritus, we evaluated 113 symptomatic dermatomal areas. Overall, 39 (85%) patients had radicular involvement and 28 (60%) had agreement between complaint and the ENMG findings (p=0.015). A total of 80% of the patients with complaints at C7 and 47% at C6 had radicular involvement at the same level. Conclusions: Among the patients who presented complaints, 47 and 80%, respectively, had ENMG alterations in the C6 and C7 myotomes. We conclude that peripheral nervous system involvement is associated with BRP.

RESUMO Antecedentes: O prurido constitui queixa frequente e desafiadora na prática dermatológica. O primeiro estudo a relacionar prurido com neuropatia foi de Wartenberg, em 1943, que associou à "neuropatia do nervo cutâneo antebraquial posterior". Em 1968, Waisman descreveu pacientes com queixas recorrentes de prurido em membros superiores no verão, sendo denominado, então, "brachioradial summer pruritus". Atualmente, esse prurido é denominado como prurido braquiorradial (PBR). O PBR é caracterizado por prurido crônico, geralmente bem localizado, de longa duração e sem anormalidades cutâneas aparentes. Doenças neurológicas, tanto centrais, esclerose múltipla ou acidente vascular cerebral como do sistema nervoso periférico, estão associadas a prurido. Objetivo: Investigar os dermátomos sintomáticos pela eletroneuromiografia (ENMG). Métodos: Foram estudados 46 pacientes com diagnóstico dermatológico de PBR com a eletroneuromiografia dos membros superiores. Resultado: Foram avaliados 46 pacientes com queixa dermatológica de C5 a C8 somando 113 áreas dermatoméricas sintomáticas. Observou-se que 39 (85%) pacientes apresentavam comprometimento radicular, sendo que em 28 (60%) houve concordância plena entre as queixas e os achados da ENMG (p=0,015), e que 80% dos pacientes com queixa em território de C7 e 47% em C6 apresentavam comprometimento radicular no mesmo nível. Conclusões: As queixas mais frequentes foram as correspondentes aos territórios de C6 e C7, sendo que 47 e 80%, respectivamente, apresentaram alteração na ENMG nesses miótomos. Dessa forma, evidenciou-se correlação entre comprometimento do sistema nervoso periférico (i.e., radicular) com PBR.

Tophaceous Gout in the Lumbar Spine Causing Radiculopathy. / Gota tofácea en la columna lumbar causando radiculopatía.

Tophaceous deposits in lumbar spine is considered a rare condition. We report the case of a 44-year-old patient with low back pain and radiculopathy. Radiographs revealed lytic spondylolisthesis in L5. Magnetic resonance imaging showed hypointense signal on T1 and a heterogeneous signal on T2 located in the L4-L5 interspinous space and in the left facet joint that invades left neuroforamen. The left knee ultrasound showed «double contour¼ of the medial femoral condyle. Decompressive laminectomy with arthrodesis at the level of L5-S1 was performed. The histological examination revealed amorphous material with a foreign body giant cell reaction.

A case report of an intramedullary cervical teratoma in an adult patient with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy.

Spinal cord teratomas are rare. There are few reports of teratomas affecting the cervical spine and their association with spondylotic radiculopathy has not been described. A 59-year-old woman with history of fecal incontinence attended with cervical radicular pain radiating to upper limbs. Physical examination showed distal muscle hypotrophy and abolishment of bicipital, tricipital, and brachioradialis reflexes of the right arm, preserving proximal strength. Also, hiporreflexia and loss of proprioception in the right lower limb was observed. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an intramedullary mass at C7-T1, accompanied by intervertebral disk protrusions and dural sac compressions at the same level. One-stage posterior-anterior operative approach for tumor resection, decompression of the radiculopathy and replacement of intervertebral discs was performed. The histopathological diagnosis was for a mature teratoma. We described the first case of an intramedullary cervical teratoma associated with radiculopathy in an adult, providing evidence of rare long-lasting teratomas affecting the cervical spine.

Calf pseudohipertrophy. / Pseudohipertrofia gemelar.

Calf pseudohypertrophy due to radiculopathy is an exceptional phenomenon rarely described. We report a 67 year old woman with a previous history of lumbar disc surgery consulting by progressive increase for more than a year of evolution painless right calf associated loss of strength. Electromyographic findings showed chronic S1 radiculopathy and radiologically was appreciated in the medial gastrocnemius and soleus rights substitution of normal muscle tissue by adipose tissue without evidence of myopathy or sarcomatous degeneration.

Síndrome de Guillain Barré en pacientes pediátricos: diagnóstico y rehabiblitación. Reporte de Caso / Guillain-Barre Syndrome in Pediatric Patient: Diagnosis and Rehabilitation. Case Report

El Síndrome de Guillain-Barré (SGB) se deine como una polirradiculoneuropatía desmielinizante perifé - rica aguda. En América Latina es la principal causa de parálisis lácida en menores de 15 años con incidencia anual que oscila entre 0.91-1.1 casos por 100,000 habitantes. En Honduras un estudio de cohorte realizado durante 11 años en el Hospital Escuela Univer - sitario (HEU), estimó en la población pediátrica una incidencia de 1.37 casos por cada 100,000 habitantes. Caso clínico: Paciente femenina de 12 años de edad que fue diagnosticada con SGB variante neuropatía axonal motora aguda (AMAN), quien presentó falla ventilatoria y fue tratada con inmunoglobulina y esteroides. Permaneció 4 meses en unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos HEU donde se le realizaron exámenes para su diagnóstico y clasiicación, incluyendo citoquímica de líquido cefalorraquídeo que reporto disociación albuminocitológica a los 10 días de iniciado cuadro de debilidad muscular. Adicionalmente, electromiografía informó datos compatibles con SGB variante AMAN. Posteriormente fue referida al Servicio de Rehabilitación del Hospital de Especialidades San Felipe, donde inició terapia rehabilitadora por un lapso de 6 meses, presentando notable aumento de fuerza muscular y mejoría de independencia funcional. Conclusión: La terapia física y un buen aporte nutricional se han considerado factores clave para el manejo de los pacientes con SGB, sobre todo cuando la terapia se inicia de manera oportuna y multidisciplinaria...(AU)

Transforaminal cervical nerve root block: outcomes and complications / Bloqueio transforaminal cervical: resultados e complicações / Bloqueo transforaminal cervical: resultados y complicaciones

ABSTRACT Objectives: To investigate the effect and complications after transforaminal injection for cervicobrachialgia caused by cervical disc herniation. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all patients undergoing fluoroscopy-guided transforaminal injection for radiculopathy caused by cervical disc herniation. During the last seven years, 57 patients (39 female, 18 male, mean age 45.6 years) experiencing cervical radiculopathy underwent cervical foraminal block guided by fluoroscopy by postero-lateral approach. The position of the needle was verified after injection of a small amount of contrast. A glucocorticosteroid was injected after 0.5 ml of 2% lidocaine. Results: The local with the highest prevalence of procedures was C6 root (31 procedures); 14 patients underwent C7 block, 7 had C5 block, and 5 in C4. Eight patients (14%) had complications (3 syncopes, 3 transient hoarseness, one patient had worsening of symptoms and one patient had soft tissue hematoma). In total, 42.1% were asymptomatic after the procedure and therefore did not require surgery after the procedure. Other 57.9% had transient improvement, became asymptomatic for at least 2 months but required surgery due to the recurrence of symptoms. Conclusion: Cervical foraminal block for cervical disc herniation is a safe way to avoid surgery. Some patients still need surgery after the procedure, but the temporary improvement in symptoms gives the patient some relief while awaiting surgery.

RESUMO Objetivos: Investigar o efeito e as complicações depois de infiltração transforaminal para cervicobraquialgia causada por hérnia de disco cervical. Métodos: Foram analisados retrospectivamente todos os pacientes submetidos à infiltração transforaminal guiada por fluoroscopia para radiculopatia causada por hérnia de disco cervical. Durante os últimos sete anos, 57 pacientes (39 do sexo feminino, 18 do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 45,6 anos) com radiculopatia cervical foram submetidos a bloqueio foraminal cervical guiado por fluoroscopia por abordagem póstero-lateral. Verificou-se a posição da agulha após injeção de uma pequena quantidade de contraste. Um glicocorticosteroide foi injetado depois de 0,5 ml de lidocaína a 2%. Resultados: O local com maior prevalência de procedimentos foi a raiz de C6 (31 procedimentos); 14 pacientes foram submetidos a bloqueios de C7, 7 pacientes de C5 e 5 pacientes de C4. Oito pacientes (14%) apresentaram complicações (3 síncopes, 3 pacientes apresentaram rouquidão transitória, um paciente teve piora dos sintomas e um paciente evoluiu com hematoma de partes moles). Do total, 42,1% tornaram-se assintomáticos e, portanto, não necessitaram tratamento cirúrgico após o procedimento. Outros 57,9% tiveram melhora transitória, tornaram-se assintomáticos por no mínimo 2 meses, mas necessitaram cirurgia pelo retorno dos sintomas. Conclusão: O bloqueio radicular para hérnia de disco cervical é uma maneira segura de evitar cirurgia. Alguns pacientes ainda precisam de cirurgia após o procedimento; no entanto, a melhora transitória dos sintomas viabiliza uma espera menos sintomática para o paciente até a realização da cirurgia.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Investigar el efecto y las complicaciones después de la infiltración transforaminal para la cervicobraquialgia causada por hernia de disco cervical. Métodos: Se revisaron retrospectivamente todos los pacientes sometidos a la infiltración transforaminal guiada por fluoroscopia para radiculopatía causada por hernia de disco cervical. Durante los últimos siete años, 57 pacientes (39 mujeres, 18 hombres, edad media 45,6 años) con radiculopatía cervical fueron sometidos a bloqueo foraminal cervical guiado por fluoroscopia mediante abordaje posterolateral. La posición de la aguja se observó después de la inyección de una pequeña cantidad de contraste. Un glucocorticosteroide fue inyectado después de 0,5 ml de lidocaína al 2%. Resultados: El sitio de prevalencia más alta de procedimientos fue la raíz de C6 (31 procedimientos); 14 pacientes fueron sometidos a bloqueos de C7, 7 pacientes de C5 y 5 pacientes de C4. Ocho pacientes (14%) tuvieron complicaciones (3 síncopas, 3 pacientes presentaron ronquera transitoria, un paciente presentó empeoramiento de los síntomas y un paciente tuvo hematoma de tejidos blandos). Del total, el 42,1% eran asintomáticos y por lo tanto, no requirieron tratamiento quirúrgico después del procedimiento. Los otros 57,9% tuvieron una mejoría transitoria, convirtiéndose en asintomáticos durante al menos dos meses, sin embargo, requirieron cirugía debido a la recurrencia de los síntomas. Conclusión: El bloqueo de la raíz para la hernia de disco cervical es una forma segura de evitar la cirugía. Algunos pacientes todavía necesitan cirugía después del procedimiento; sin embargo, la mejoría transitoria de los síntomas permite un tiempo de espera menos sintomático antes de la realización de la cirugía.

Results of treatment of acute lumbar disc herniation with transforaminal nerve root block / Resultados do tratamento da hérnia discal lombar aguda com bloqueio anestésico transforaminal / Resultados del tratamiento de la hernia discal lumbar con bloqueo anestésico transforaminal

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the efficacy of anesthetic transforaminal nerve root block in patients with sciatica secondary to lumbar disc herniation through a prospective observational study. Methods: The study included 176 patients from a private clinic undergoing transforaminal injection performed by a single spinal surgeon. The patients were assessed after two weeks, three months and six months regarding to the improvement of the pain radiating to the lower limbs. In case of persistent symptoms, patients could choose to perform a new nerve root block and maintenance of physical therapy or be submitted to conventional microdiscectomy. Results: By the end of six-month follow-up of the 176 patients, 116 had a favorable outcome (95 after one block and 21 after two blocks), and only 43 required surgery. Conclusion: The results of our study suggest a positive effect of transforaminal block for the treatment of sciatica in patients with lumbar disc herniation.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a eficácia do bloqueio anestésico transforaminal nos pacientes com ciática secundária à hérnia de disco lombar, por meio de um estudo prospectivo observacional. Métodos: Foram incluídos no estudo 176 pacientes de uma clínica privada submetidos à injeção transforaminal executada por um único cirurgião de coluna. Os pacientes foram reavaliados após duas semanas, três meses e seis meses quanto à melhora da dor irradiada para os membros inferiores. Na persistência dos sintomas, os pacientes poderiam optar por realizar um novo bloqueio e manutenção da fisioterapia ou serem submetidos à microdiscectomia convencional. Resultados: No final do seguimento de seis meses dos 176 pacientes, 116 apresentaram evolução satisfatória (95 após um bloqueio e 21 após dois bloqueios) e apenas 43 necessitaram da cirurgia. Conclusão: Os resultados do nosso estudo sugerem um efeito positivo do bloqueio transforaminal para o tratamento da ciatalgia nos pacientes com hérnia de disco lombar.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia del bloqueo anestésico transforaminal en pacientes con dolor radicular secundario a hernia de disco lumbar, a través de un estudio prospectivo observacional. Métodos: El estudio fue compuesto por 176 pacientes de una clínica privada sometidos al bloqueo anestésico transforaminal realizado por un único cirujano de la columna. Los pacientes fueron re-evaluados al cabo de dos semanas, tres meses y seis meses con respecto a la mejora del dolor que se irradia a las extremidades inferiores. En caso de persistencia de los síntomas los pacientes podrían optar por realizar un nuevo bloqueo anestésico y mantenimiento de fisioterapia o someterse a una microdiscectomía convencional. Resultados: Al final del seguimiento de seis meses de los 176 pacientes, 116 tuvieron resultado favorable (95 luego de sólo un bloqueo y 21 después de dos bloqueos) y en solamente 43 pacientes la cirugía fue necesaria. Conclusión: Los resultados de nuestro estudio sugieren un efecto positivo del bloqueo anestésico transforaminal para el tratamiento de la ciática en los pacientes con hernia de disco lumbar.

Hernia discal lumbar, una visión terapéutica / Lumbar Disc Herniation, a Therapeutic Vision

Introducción: la radiculopatía por hernia de disco lumbar es la mayor causa de morbilidad que enfrentan los cirujanos espinales. Existen múltiples estrategias de tratamiento para esta afección, sin consenso actual entre secuestrectomía y discectomía, y sobre la necesidad de fusionar el segmento. Objetivo: mostrar nuestros resultados a los 4 años de seguimiento, en el tratamiento quirúrgico de la hernia discal lumbar mediante discectomía foraminal. Método: estudio descriptivo prospectivo en pacientes diagnosticados con hernias discales lumbares y tratados quirúrgicamente mediante discectomía foraminal simple y evaluados 4 años después. Resultados: muestra constituida por 67 pacientes, la mayoría (62,69 por ciento) del sexo masculino; edad media cercana a los 40 años en ambos sexos. Se confirmó el diagnóstico en el 85,3 por ciento de los casos mediante IRM. Predominó la localización L5-S1 y L4-L5, con 16 por ciento de más de un segmento. El índice de Oswestry y la Escala Visual Analógica del dolor mostraron significativa mejoría a los 4 años de operados. Conclusiones: el tratamiento quirúrgico de las hernias de disco mediante discectomía foraminal simple, según nuestra experiencia, produce buenos resultados; a los 4 años de efectuada la operación se constató disminución del dolor y mejoría de la función(AU)

Introduction: Radiculopathy by lumbar disc herniation is a major cause of morbidity faced by spinal surgeons. There are many treatment strategies for this condition, and no current consensus among sequestrectomy and discectomy, and the need to merge the segment. Objective: Show our results at 4 years of follow-up in the surgical treatment of lumbar disc herniation by foraminal discectomy. Method: A prospective study was conducted in patients diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation and foraminal surgically treated by simple discectomy and assessed four years later. Results: The sample consisted of 67 patients, the majority (62.69 percent) was male; average age of nearly 40 years in both sexes. The diagnosis was confirmed in 85.3 percent of cases by MRI. L5-S1 and L4-L5 locations predominated, with 16 percent of more than one segment. Oswestry index and the Visual Analog Scale for pain showed significant improvement after four years of surgery.Conclusions: The surgical treatment of herniated discs by simple foraminal discectomy, in our experience, has good results; at four years of operation pain decrease and improvement in function was found(AU)

Hernia discal lumbar, una visión terapéutica / Une vision thérapeutique / Lumbar disc herniation, a therapeutic vision

INTRODUCCIÓN: la radiculopatía por hernia de disco lumbar es la mayor causa de morbilidad que enfrentan los cirujanos espinales. Existen múltiples estrategias de tratamiento para esta afección, sin consenso actual entre secuestrectomía y discectomía, y sobre la necesidad de fusionar el segmento. OBJETIVO: mostrar nuestros resultados a los 4 años de seguimiento, en el tratamiento quirúrgico de la hernia discal lumbar mediante discectomía foraminal. MÉTODO: estudio descriptivo prospectivo en pacientes diagnosticados con hernias discales lumbares y tratados quirúrgicamente mediante discectomía foraminal simple y evaluados 4 años después RESULTADOS: muestra constituida por 67 pacientes, la mayoría (62,69 %) del sexo masculino; edad media cercana a los 40 años en ambos sexos. Se confirmó el diagnóstico en el 85,3 % de los casos mediante IRM. Predominó la localización L5-S1 y L4-L5, con 16 % de más de un segmento. El índice de Oswestry y la Escala Visual Analógica del dolor mostraron significativa mejoría a los 4 años de operados. CONCLUSIONES: el tratamiento quirúrgico de las hernias de disco mediante discectomía foraminal simple, según nuestra experiencia, produce buenos resultados; a los 4 años de efectuada la operación se constató disminución del dolor y mejoría de la función.

INTRODUCTION: Radiculopathy by lumbar disc herniation is a major cause of morbidity faced by spinal surgeons. There are many treatment strategies for this condition, and no current consensus among sequestrectomy and discectomy, and the need to merge the segment. OBJECTIVE: Show our results at 4 years of follow-up in the surgical treatment of lumbar disc herniation by foraminal discectomy. METHOD: A prospective study was conducted in patients diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation and foraminal surgically treated by simple discectomy and assessed four years later. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 67 patients, the majority (62.69%) was male; average age of nearly 40 years in both sexes. The diagnosis was confirmed in 85.3% of cases by MRI. L5-S1 and L4-L5 locations predominated, with 16% of more than one segment. Oswestry index and the Visual Analog Scale for pain showed significant improvement after four years of surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The surgical treatment of herniated discs by simple foraminal discectomy, in our experience, has good results; at four years of operation pain decrease and improvement in function was found

INTRODUCTION: La radiculopathie par hernie discale lombaire est la cause de morbidité la plus souvent traitée par les chirurgiens spécialisés en moelle épinière. Il y a plusieurs stratégies de traitement pour cette affection, mais aujourd'hui il n'y a pas de consensus ni entre la séquestrectomie et la discectomie ni sur la nécessité de fusionner le segment. OBJECTIF: Le but de ce travail est de montrer, après 4 ans de suivi, nos résultats à propos du traitement chirurgical d'une hernie discale lombaire par décompression foraminale. MÉTHODE: Une étude descriptive et prospective de patients diagnostiqués de hernie discale lombaire, traités chirurgicalement par décompression foraminale simple et évalués quatre ans après, a été réalisée. RÉSULTATS: Dans un échantillon de 67 patients, dont la plupart étaient du sexe masculin (62,69 %) et avaient un moyen d'âge de 40 ans environ chez tous les deux sexes, on a confirmé le diagnostic par IRM dans 85,3 % des cas. Les hernies ont été souvent localisées aux niveaux L5-S1 et L4-L5, dont 16 % correspondait à plus d'un segment. Quatre ans après l'opération, l'indice d'Oswestry et l'échelle visuelle analogique de douleur ont montré une amélioration significative. CONCLUSIONS: D'après notre expérience, le traitement chirurgical des hernies discales lombaires par décompression foraminale simple a montré de très bons résultats. Quatre ans après l'opération, on a constaté une diminution de la douleur et une amélioration de la fonction.

Discal Cyst: a Rare Cause of Neurologic Compression in the Young Adult

INTRODUCTION: discal cysts are rare pathology. Its clinical presentation can be mistaken for disc herniation, with back pain, radiculopathy and neurological deficit. It is more common in male patients in their fourth life decade. Because they are rare, there is no consensus about the treatment. A great variety of procedures, from medication for the pain to endoscopic or microdiscectomy excision, have been described. OBJETIVE: Describe a case of discal cyst on the l4-l5 level with compression of l5 right nerve root treated successfully with a minimal invasive procedure. : Case report. METHODS: Review medical records, pertinent images, interview with the patient and surgical team, intraoperative and histopathological findings. The surgical technique used was minimally invasive. RESULTS: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a cystic lesion imaging at the level of the L4-L5 disc. The cystic mass displaced the thecal sac dorsally compressed the L5 transversing root. The patient was submitted to a minimally invasive microendoscopic technique using a tubular retractor. He recovered completely after the procedure, presenting absence of leg pain and went back to his regular activities 3 weeks after the surgery. Histopathological examination of the cyst revealed thick fibrous connective tissue interspersed with areas of chronic inflammation. CONCLUSION: Discal cysts are rare intraspinal lesions. They can trigger severe neurological symptoms, and should be differentiated from other forms of epidural cysts and tumors. There are many treatment options that can be chosen from but no consensus. We used a treatment that was less invasive than the ones described in the literature.

INTRODUÇÃO: cistos discais são patologia rara. Sua apresentação clínica pode ser confundida com hérnia de disco, com dor nas costas, radiculopatia e déficit neurológico. É mais comum em pacientes do sexo masculino em sua quarta década de vida. Porque eles são raros, não há consenso sobre o tratamento. Uma grande variedade de procedimentos, de medicação para a dor para a endoscopia ou excisão microdiscectomy, têm sido descritas. OBJETIVO: descrever um caso de cisto discal no nível L4-L5 com compressão da raiz nervosa L5 di-reita tratada com sucesso com um procedimento minimamente invasivo. Desenho do estudo: Relato de caso. MÉTODO: revisão de registros médicos, imagens pertinentes, entrevista com o paciente e equipe cirúrgica, intra e histopatológicos. A técnica cirúrgica utilizada foi minimamente invasiva. : A ressonância magnética (MRI) demonstrou uma imagiologia lesão cística ao nível do disco L4-L5. A massa cística deslocou o saco tecal dorsal comprimido a transversing raiz L5. O paciente foi submetido a uma técnica microendoscópica minimamente invasiva utilizando um afastador tubular. Ele se recuperou completamente após o procedimento, apresentando ausência de dor nas pernas e voltou às suas atividades regulares 3 semanas após a cirurgia. O exame histopatológico do cisto revela tecido conjuntivo fibroso de espessura intercaladas com áreas de inflamação crónica. CONCLUSÃO: cistos discais são lesões intra-espinhais raras. Eles podem desencadear os sintomas neurológicos graves, e deve ser diferenciada de outras formas de cistos epidurais e tumores. Há muitas opções de tratamento que podem ser escolhidos a partir de, mas não há consenso. Utilizou-se um tratamento que era menos invasiva do que os descritos na literatura.

Ciatalgia e ciatalgia pseudo-radicular / Sciatalgia and sciatalgia pseudo-radicular

Este trabalho tem por objetivo abordar as queixas de dor irradiada para membros inferiores, procurando diferenciar a ciatalgia típica da pseudo radicular muito frequente na prática médica.

This study aims to approach the lower limbs irradiated pain, trying to distinguish typical sciatica from pseudoradicular pain, frequently found on medical practice.

Neuropatías en el embarazo / Neuropathies in pregnancy

Las neuropatías en el embarazo aunque no muy frecuentes, sí generan un gran impacto en la calidad de vida cuando no se establece el diagnóstico y tratamiento oportunos. Existen varios mecanismos fisiopatológicos como los de origen mecánico, hormonal e inmunológico. La localización de la lesión neuronal dependerá del mecanismo y por ende tiene relación directa con el trimestre del embarazo. Así, las neuropatías de origen hormonal y mecánico asociadas con el embarazo, como la del túnel del carpo que es la más frecuente, se presentan más en el segundo y tercer trimestre, mientras las de estricta aparición mecánica como las que comprometen los miembros inferiores, ocurren en especial durante el parto. Otras neuropatías como las craneales son infrecuentes y obligan a descartar etiologías secundarias. Las polineuropatías más que estar relacionadas con el embarazo, son precipitadas o se pueden expresar durante esta condición. La siguiente revisión narrativa describe las neuropatías más comunes durante el embarazo según la localización, sintomatología, hallazgos clínicos, trimestre de aparición y presunto origen fisiopatológico...

Although neuropathies during pregnancy are not very common they can seriously affect overall quality of life when not receiving timely diagnosis and treatment. Pathophysiological mechanisms may be hormonal, mechanical or immunological. The site of neuronal lesion depends on the underlying mechanism and thus is directly related to the trimester in which symptoms appear. Accordingly, hormonal or mechanical neuropathies in pregnancy, such as carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), the most common neuropathy during pregnancy, generally occur during the second and third trimesters, and those strictly mechanical such as lower extremity neuropathies mainly occur during delivery. Other, affecting cranial nerves are uncommon and secondary etiologies must be ruled out. Polyneuropathies are triggered or expressed during pregnancy rather than being a pregnancy-related problem. The following narrative review describes the most common neuropathies in pregnancy based on location, symptomatology, findings, trimester of pregnancy inwhich symptoms start and presumed pathophysiology...

Linfoma de Hodgkin epidural del raquis lumbar: presentación de un caso / Lumbar epidural spinal Hodgkin lymphoma: a case report

Introducción: La complejidad inherente a las enfermedades demanda de una atención multidisciplinaria que tribute enmejores resultados para los enfermos. Las neoplasias intrarraquídeas no escapan a esta afirmación, y aunque no tienen la mayor frecuencia, sus características clínicas y de neuroimagen pueden significar un reto para el equipo médico.Caso clínico: Paciente masculino, de 31 años, que debutó con lumbociatalgia y parestesias con predominio en el miembro inferior izquierdo y signos de atrapamiento radicular de la cuarta y quinta raíces lumbares. La tomografía axial computarizada y resonancia magnética de la columna lumbosacra demostraron la presencia de una neoplasia que invadía el canal raquídeo e infiltraba el cuerpo de la tercera vértebra lumbar. Se sometió a tratamiento quirúrgico por un equipo deneurocirujanos y ortopédicos. Se realizó laminectomía de la segunda a la cuarta vértebras lumbares, excéresismacroscópica total de la lesión neoformativa, curetaje del cuerpo vertebral afectado, seguido de fusión con apófisis espinosas y fijación por técnica de Luque. El diagnóstico histopatológico transoperatorio fue de un linfoma de Hodgkin. El seguimiento posoperatorio incluyó a la especialidad de hematología con tratamiento quimioterapéutico específico. Laevolución fue favorable y lleva dos años de sobrevida asintomático y sin discapacidad.Conclusiones: El diagnóstico precoz de las enfermedades oncológicas del raquis unido al tratamiento oportuno y adecuado por un equipo médico multidisciplinario, garantiza los mejores resultados, con una repercusión favorable en el pronóstico delos pacientes(AU)

Introduction: The inherent complexity of diseases demands a multidisciplinary attention to assure better results for patients.Intraspinal neoplasms are an example of this affirmation and however they dont have the highest frequency, the clinical and radiological characteristics could become in a challenge for medical staff. Objective: to present a patient with an uncommon lumbar intraspinal neoplasm.Clinical case: A 31 year old white male patient with an onset of back and sciatic pain and left leg paresthesias and signs of radicular entrapment of the fourth and fifth lumbar roots. Lumbar spine radiological study by computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed the presence of a neoplasm who invaded the spinal canal and infiltrated the third lumbar vertebral body. Surgical treatment was decided by a staff of orthopedics and neurosurgeons. A laminectomy of thesecond to forth lumbar vertebrae was made, total complete removal of the neoplastic lesion, curettage of the affected vertebral body, followed by vertebral fusion with spinous apophysis and Luque technique. The trans-operatory pathological diagnosis was Hodgkin lymphoma. The post-operatory follow up included hematology management with specific chemotherapy. The patient has a favorable evolution with two years of asymptomatic survival and without handicap.Conclusions: The precocious diagnosis of spine neoplasm toward an opportune and suitable treatment by amultidisciplinary team, assures the best results with a favorable repercussion in patients prognosis(AU)

Quiste de Tarlov bilateral, presentación de un caso / Tarlov cyst bilateral, case report

Los quistes de Tarlov, son crecimientos quísticos benignos sub diagnosticados y no reportándose ningún caso en Bolivia. Son clasificados como quistes meníngeos tipo II, infrecuentes (incidencia estimada de 4,6% - 9%), de características benignas, en su mayoría localizados en región sacra. Asintomáticos, en su gran mayoría diagnosticados de manera incidental. Se presenta el caso de una paciente con dolor crónico de tipo radicular en fosa iliaca izquierda sin mejoría ni explicación del mismo. Se le realizó tomografía computarizada y resonancia magnética por las cuales se llegó al diagnóstico. Posteriormente se da tratamiento conservador sintomatológico con mejoría evidente de las misma. No requiriendo tratamiento quirúrgico.

Tarlov cyst is a benign cystic growth usually underdiagnosed. No case has been reported so far in Bolivia. Classified as a Type II meningeal cysts, rare (estimated incidence of 4,6% - 9%), of benign characteristics, most commonly located in the sacral region. Asymptomatic and diagnosed incidentally most of the times. The patient comes with a chief complaint of chronic radicular back pain in the left iliac fossa with no improvement or explanation thereof. The patient underwent CT and MRI leading us to the diagnosis. The patient is managed with conservative treatment targeting the symptoms, with notorious improvement not requiring surgical treatment.

Transcorporeal cervical foraminotomy: description of technique and results / Foraminotomia cervical transcorporal: descrição da técnica e dos resultados / Foraminotomía cervical transcorporal: descripción de la técnica y de los resultados

OBJECTIVE: Retrospective analyses of 216 patients undergoing foraminal decompression with transcorporeal approach and review of the surgical technique. METHOD: 216 patients with minimum follow-up of 2 years and an average of 41.8 months were included in the study. The clinical records of these patients were reviewed for complications, NDI (neck disability index) and VAS (visual analogue scale). Pre and post-operative radiographs were used to evaluate the disc height. RESULTS: At the end of follow-up patients had significant clinical improvement with reduction of NDI of 88.3% and 86.5% and 68.3% of the VAS for neck and upper limb, respectively (p<0.05). A reduction of 8.8% of the disc height was observed without other complications associated (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Radicular decompression through a transcorporeal approach is an alternative that provides good clinical results without the need for a fusion and with few complications. .

OBJETIVO: Análise retrospectiva de 216 pacientes submetidos a descompressão foraminal cervical por abordagem transcorporal e revisão da técnica cirúrgica. MÉTODO: Duzentos e dezesseis pacientes com seguimento mínimo de 2 anos e média de 41,8 meses foram incluídos no estudo. Os prontuários desses pacientes foram revisados quanto a complicações, NDI (neck disability index) e EVA (escala visual analógica). Radiografias pré e pós-operatórias foram usadas para avaliar a altura discal. RESULTADOS: Ao final do seguimento, os pacientes obtiveram uma melhora clínica significativa com redução do NDI de 88,3% e de 86,5% e 68,3% da EVA para o membro superior e região cervical, respectivamente (p < 0,05). Uma redução de 8,8% da altura discal foi observada sem outras complicações associadas (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: A descompressão radicular por abordagem transcorporal é uma alternativa que proporciona bons resultados clínicos, sem a necessidade de uma fusão e com poucas complicações. .

OBJETIVO: Análisis retrospectivo de 216 pacientes sometidos a descompresión foraminal cervical por abordaje transcorporal y revisión de la técnica quirúrgica. MÉTODO: Doscientos dieciséis pacientes con seguimiento mínimo de 2 años y promedio de 41,8 meses fueron incluidos en el estudio. Los prontuarios de esos pacientes fueron revisados cuanto a complicaciones, NDI (neck disability index) y EVA (escala visual analógica). Radiografias pre y postoperatorias fueron usadas para evaluar la altura discal. RESULTADOS: Al final del seguimiento, los pacientes obtuvieron una mejora clínica significativa con reducción del NDI de 88,3% y de 86,5% y 68,3% de la EVA para el miembro superior y región cervical, respectivamente (p < 0,05). Una reducción de 8,8% de la altura discal fue observada sin otras complicaciones asociadas (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIÓN: La descompresión radicular por abordaje transcorporal es una alternativa que proporciona buenos resultados clínicos, sin la necesidad de una fusión y con pocas complicaciones. .